PERI researcher Vamsi Vakulabharanam and Sripad Motiram analyze the interaction between caste relations and city space, and its impact on economic development in Indian cities.  They designed a unique socio-spatial methodology to investigate the impact of city spaces on populations.  From this methodology, they conclude, among other findings, that Indian cities are much less segregated in terms of caste than are American cities in terms of race at a comparable spatial scale. This produces important material benefits for Indians, including lower poverty and higher educational attainment for the overall population and deprived social groups.